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  • Homepage
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  • Crossroads
    • Sites
      • Egypt
        • Alexandria
          • Alexandria
          • Maps and plans of Alexandria
        • Cairo
        • Drawings of sites and views from the "Description of Egypt"
        • Images and views of Egypt
          • "Le Caire dans l'Album universel"
      • Turkey
        • Constantinople / Istanbul
          • Maps and plans of Istanbul
          • The fire insurance maps of Istanbul
          • Photograps of Istanbul
        • Turkey
      • Iraq
      • Jordan
      • Lebanon
      • Palestine
      • Syria
        • Maps and plan of Syria
        • Damascus
      • Army of the Levant : Aerial photos of Syria and Lebanon
        • Aerial photos of Syria
        • Photos aériennes du Liban
    • The Nile
    • The Suez canal
      • Genesis, studies and testimonies
      • Official documents
      • Maps of the Canal
      • Photographs of the Canal
    • Railroads
      • Alexandria's tramway
        • Alexandria - Ramlah Line
      • Railways
    • Journeys
      • Guides books for the travelers in Orient
        • Traveler's night
      • European narratives
      • Oriental narratives
    • Trade
      • The Imperial Ottoman Bank
      • Bills of exchange
      • Capitulations
      • Ordonnances
        • Decrees
      • National economies
      • Levant ports
    • "Expositions universelles"
      • "Expositions universelles"
      • The Rue du Caire
  • Religions
    • Judaism
      • Foundation texts
      • The Dead Sea Scrolls. Qumrān
      • Currents
      • History of the Jewish people
    • Christianity
      • Foundations texts
      • Objects and works in the exhibition "Oriental Christians: 2,000 Years of History"
      • Ernest Renan and the Origins of Christianity
        • History of the origins of Christianity
        • Origins of christianity
      • Eastern churches
        • Chaldeans
        • History of the Eastern churches
        • Eastern churches
        • Copts
      • Œuvre des Écoles d'Orient
      • Christian schools
      • Missions
      • Protectorates and Christians in the Orient
        • Religious protectorate of France
        • Quarrels over holy places and intervention in Syria
    • Islam
      • Foundation texts
      • Druze
      • Sufis
      • Schools of jurisdiction
      • Historians of Islam
      • Ismaelians
      • Nusayris (Alawites)
      • Translations of the Quran
    • Bábism and Bahá'í Faith
    • Holy Places
      • Jerusalem, holy city
        • Maps and plans of Jerusalem
      • Landscapes of Palestine
      • Pilgrimages
        • French pilgrims in the Holy Land
        • Muslim sanctuaries in Palestine
      • In the traces of the Bible
  • Communities
    • Costumes
      • Costumes
    • Scenes of life
    • People and traditions
  • Knowledge
    • Oriental studies
      • Libraries
        • Orientalist libraries
        • Libraries and collections
      • Olds writings deciphering
        • Cuneiform script
        • Egyptian hieroglyphs
        • Phoenician alphabet
        • Aramaic and Nabataeans alphabet
      • Language studies
        • The general history and comparative system of the Semitic languages
        • Comparative philology
        • Arabic language studies
        • Hebrew language studies
        • Turkish langage studies
      • Institutions
        • L'École des Jeunes de Langue
          • École des jeunes de langues 
        • Schools
        • École des langues orientales vivantes
    • The Description of Egypt
      • The Description of Egypt
    • Missions
      • Phoenician Expedition by Ernest de Renan
      • Other missions
    • Archaeology
      • Egypt
        • From Abydos to Bawit
        • From Deir-el-Bahari to Eddu
          • Deir el-Bahari
        • From Karnak to Memphis
        • From Philae to Thebes
          • Publications fouilles de Saqqara
        • Museums and collections
        • Antiquities departments
        • Egyptologists' travels and notes
        • Archaeology
      • Iraq
        • Iraq
      • Jordan
        • Jordan
      • Lebanon
        • Lebanon
      • Palestine
        • Palestine
      • Syria
        • Syria
      • Palmyra
        • Palmyra
      • Latakia's treasure
      • Turkey
        • Ani / Ararat
        • Ephesus
        • Halicarnassus
        • Pergamon
        • Troy
      • Archaeology – full introduction
    • Interconnecting histories
      • Oriental printing houses
        • Printers of Orient
      • Ancient and medieval orient
        • Historians of the crusades
      • Arab historians
      • At the dawn of modernity
    • Sciences and techniques
      • Medicine
      • Agriculture
      • Chemistry and alchemy
      • Geography
      • Hippology
        • Hippology
      • Mathematics and astronomy
      • Natural sciences
      • Turkish bath
    • Press
      • Press
      • Francophone press in the Ottoman Empire
        • Presse ottomane francophone
      • Images (magazine)
      • L'Égyptienne
      • The francophone press of Egypt
        • Francophone press of Egypt
  • Politics
    • L’Empire ottoman pendant le « long » XIXeme siècle
      • French campaign in Egypt
        • French campaign in Egypt
        • Intersecting perspectives
        • Military operations and proclamations
        • Players and witnesses
      • Egyptian–Ottoman War
      • European interventions
      • The First World War and mandates
      • Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence
        • Franco-Syrian treaty of independance
        • Treaties and borders
      • Reforms
        • Administrative, economic and social reorganisation
        • Law
      • Diplomatic relations
      • Political personalities
    • Nationalisms
      • Armenia
      • Egypt
      • Lebanon
      • Palestine / Israel
        • Palestinian
        • Zionism
          • Zionism
      • Syria
      • Turkey
  • Imaginary
    • Oriental literatures
      • The Thousand and One Nights
        • Adaptations
        • Translations by Antoine Galland
        • The Thousand and One Nights
      • Sirat Baybars
        • Manuscripts in the Arabic collection of the BnF
        • Manuscripts photographed by G. Bohas and F. Guinle
      • Dīwān
    • Writers
      • Honore de Balzac
        • Works of Honore de Balzac
      • Maurice Barrès
      • Princess Cristina Trivulzio de Belgiojoso
      • François-René de Chateaubriand
      • Alexandre Dumas
      • Gustave Flaubert
        • The Temptation of Saint Anthony
        • Salammbô
        • Works of Flaubert
      • Anatole France
        • Works of Anatole France
      • Théophile Gautier
        • Works of Theophile Gautier
      • Joseph-Arthur de Gobineau
      • Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
      • Victor Hugo
      • Alphonse de Lamartine
        • Works of Alphonse de Lamartine
      • Pierre Loti
        • Works of Pierre Loti
      • Gérard de Nerval
        • Works of Gerard de Nerval
      • Voltaire
        • Works of Voltaire
    • Musicians
      • Friedrich Bürgmüller
      • Hector Cremieux
      • Felicien David
      • Jules Massenet
      • La Péri
      • Gioachino Rossini
      • Giuseppe Verdi
      • The musicians' Orient
    • Photographers
      • Bisson and Welling
      • Felix Bonfils
      • Maxime du Camp
      • Beniamino Facchinelli
      • Joseph-Philibert Girault de Prangey
      • Albert Goupil
      • Charles Theodule Deveria
      • Gustave Le Gray
      • Louis Vignes
      • Émile Béchard
    • The monumental Orient
      • Hammam
        • Turkish bath
      • Émile Prisse d'Avennes
        • Plates of drawings and works
      • The Volkoff Album
      • Arthur-Ali Rhone
    • Oriental patterns
    • Authors
    • Blog Gallica
    • Charte documentaire 2024
    • L'équipe de la BnF
    • Le conseil scientifique
    • Our sponsors
    • Partnering and Contributing Institutions
      • Custodie franciscaine de Terre Sainte
    • Une bibliothèque numérique collaborative
  • Personalities
    • Index
    • E. Amelineau
    • J.-L. Asselin de Cherville
    • J. Dieulafoy
    • A. Jaussen
    • M.-J. Lagrange
    • J. E. Renan
    • Seymour de Ricci
    • Agence Rol
    • Roland de Vaux (1903-1971)
    • Jean-François Champollion
    • [essai] Charles Schefer et la bibliothèque nationale
  • Mentions légales
  • C.G.U.
  • Plan du site
  • Accessibilité

Copyright BnF - 2025

  • Mentions légales
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